Essay Topics For ESL Writing - How To Choose The Right One For Your Essay

Essay Topics For ESL Writing - How To Choose The Right One For Your EssayYou can find many essay topics for ESL writing through the internet. There are so many things to take into consideration before selecting a topic for your essay. The first thing you have to decide on is whether to write about yourself or not.But if you are writing for the general audience then you will find it difficult to determine which topic to choose because you have to write about something that is known to most people. However, this is not something that is too difficult to achieve. You just have to choose the right topic.If you want to write an essay about yourself, you can always find the topic on your own. What you should be thinking about is the theme of the essay. If the theme of the essay is your life then you may find it easier to find an essay topic to write about your life and experiences. However, if the topic of the essay is something related to literature then you will have to find something el se.Themes for essays can also be found online. These themes help you narrow down the options as to what kind of topic you need to choose for your essay.There are so many different essay topics for ESL writing. Some of them are: geography, history, current events, language, psychology, sociology, religion, art, poetry, biography, etc. These are just some of the topics that you can choose from.Choosing the topic of the essay is not the only important part of the essay writing process. The final draft of the essay has to be as good as the beginning. This means that you will have to edit the essay if necessary and that you will have to correct the grammar.These essay topics for ESL writing can all be found online. The internet is full of so many different essay topics. Make sure that you choose the right one for your essay before you start writing it.

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism and Deontology

Compare and contrast utilitarianism and deontology. Utilitarianism is the principle that the correct form of action be taken to benefit the greatest number of people. Deontology is defined as the area of ethics involving the responsibility, moral duty and commitment. Both utilitarianism and deontology deal with the ethics and consequences of one’s actions and behavior despite the outcome. To contrast utilitarianism and deontology, utilitarianism summarized is making the right decision followed by the right actions that has the best outcome for the largest number of individuals. Deontology is the understanding and practice that there is a respect for life, fairness, and honesty despite the consequences and no matter the affect on†¦show more content†¦Being a member of a protected group was established by Title VII by the Supreme Court including the protection for both male and females. All individuals regardless of gender are protected by Title VII. An individual must prove that they did not welcome the behavior or gestures which were displayed in a sexual nature. The plaintiff would need to prove that any harassment they endured was initiated because of the individuals gender whether it be male or female. An individual does not have to endure situations which cause their work environment to become hostile because of sufficiently severe or pervasive behav ior by another individual. Explain who might be hurt by English only rules and who might benefit. All individuals that are from other culture and proficient and predominately speak a language other than English would be hurt by English only rules. English only speaking rules create barriers in the workplace and can also encourage a hostile working environment. These policies also encourage a working environment of lowliness, segregation, and fear. English only rules prohibit employees whose primary language is anything other thanShow MoreRelatedDescribe the Main Principles of the Two Normative Ethical Theories of Deontology and Utilitarianism. Compare and Contrast the Two Theories, Bringing Out Any Problems or Limitations You See in Each.1652 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay †¢ Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories†¦) †¢ Utilitarianism- example †¢ Deontology- example- compare †¢ comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. †¢ Limitations and positives* Read MoreConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesethics, consequentialism, and deontology. 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Virtue ethics sets itself apart from theRead MoreSimilarities And Contrast Of The Seven Moral Philosophies3772 Words   |  16 PagesCOMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE MORAL PHILOSOPHIES 13 Running head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST OF THE MORAL PHILOSOPHIES 1 Compare and Contrast of the Seven Moral Philosophies Angela Overmyer, Brickley Nason, Casey Carsten, Elvin Wright, Emily Gatlin, Paige Sherwood, and Summar VandenHeuvel Davenport University BUSN 210 Professor Sharon Romine September 27, 2014 Compare and Contrast of the Seven Moral Philosophies INTRODUCTION One philosopher wrote, Like the wheel, business is one of theRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Person?933 Words   |  4 Pagesdecisions based on virtue, duties, and other principles that aren’t based on the consequences. â€Å"To better understand deontology, compare it to some opposing theories, such as utilitarianism, which says we have an obligation to take the course of action that achieves the most positive outcome or consequence†(). They are considered the contrast of utilitarianism because utilitarianism base on ethical judgment with outcomes. For example, deontologist would believe that lying is ethically wrong because

Political Relations Between USA and Mexico â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Sciencefor Relations Between USA and Mexico. Answer: Introduction Mexico- United States relations would be defined as the foreign relations among the United Mexican States and the United Stated of America. These two countries share a nautical and the land border in North America and have enjoyed a unique and flourishing association over the past decades. It was stated by a well known authority that the year 2015 would be initiated by his side from a visit to Washington, D.C. Also, it would embark on some innovative manners in which Mexico and the US could strengthen their bon in order to make North America the most prosperous and competitive area around the globe (Villarreal, 2016). The range of U.S.-Mexican relationships was wide and goes further than political and bureaucrat associations. It necessitates wide-ranging profit-making, educational, and learning ties, with certain 1.4 billion dollars of business which work both ways and hundreds of thousands of lawful border crossings every day (U.S. Department of State, 2017). It was in the year 2013, when the Vice President Biden and his Mexican regime matching parts established a High Level Economic Dialogue (HLED). It was launched to further elevate and strengthen the U.S. Mexico mutual profitable and financial association. The HLED was also predicted as a dynamic stage which was intended to advance planned financial and profitable main concerns central in order to endorse joint economic development, job design, and competitiveness (Grobe, 2014). Mexico was observed to be the second-largest market for export in US (after Canada) and third-largest partner to do business (after Canada and China). It was in the year 2013, that the mutual business for goods and services increased upto $550 billion. The U.S. market supply also has been seen to be immensely dependent upon the exports of Mexico, though the country has also required expanding its places for export (Nieto, 2015). Similarly, the border area which was described as the 10 U.S. and Mexican border states symbolizes a mutual inhabitant round about 100 million individuals and the worlds 4th largest nation. Collaboration among the two nations beside to the border comprises of the state and local issue-solving methods; shipping preparation; and teamwork in organizations that concentrate on resource, surroundings, and health problems. But both the countries have a long past of assistance on ecological and natural resource problems, specifically in the border region, where there have been severe ecological issues caused by rapid population development, urbanization and industrialization. The relationship which exists between the two countries also has collaborated on the point of providing telecommunications services in the regional borders for more than 50 years. But the current border contracts have elaborated its area vastly as now it includes mobile broadband services also, such as smart phones, and same electronic means. Legal and Illegal Migration So, within the widespread realm of the relationship which exists between US and Mexico, there has been an important problem which subsists among the two countries i.e. the migration of the Mexican residents to US for work. At the center of America's unlawful migration crisis was the fact that unlawful migration was a role of lawful migration. As lawful migration has been relaxed, unlawful migration has prolonged beside it. As they have been considered as two sides of the same coin (Edwards, 2006). The association among the two countries was at the focus of a brutal political dispute over migration, business and national security. The present President i.e. Donald Trump blamed Mexico of thieving U.S. jobs and promises to construct a large, striking, influential wall to restrict rapists and criminals from tripping the 1,951-mile border among the countries. Meanwhile, the ex- President Obama, while criticizing the curse of abuse from Mexican drug alliances, and defended the U.S.-Mexico relations, by stating that the main character of the US was wrought by Mexican-Americans who have formed the culture, government, trade (Karaim, 2017). The combined viewpoints underlined the multifaceted knots and developing anxieties among the two countries, a rising financial authority with an increasing middle class but a state troubled by supporting bribery and ongoing drug-related abuse. So, whenever problems related to immigration were being talked about then the era of 19th century was being studied as it was a useful period. As, this time period embarked the initiation of the trends of migration that have turn out to be very significant over the last half century, as they were segregated by high levels of both lawful and unlawful migration (American Diplomacy, 2012). Therefore, migration from Mexico had been of vital importance in the first 3 decades of the 20th century, but the Great dejection overturned the stream during the 19th century, with Mexicans and Mexican-Americans flowing southward either by pick or pressure. This tendency overturned itself again with the establishment of World War II (Wooldridge, s2010). In 1942, the governments of the two countries initiated the bracero agenda to get Mexican employees onto American farms; therefore a policy of lawful migration was opened as it would permit tens of thousands of Mexican males lawfully to enter the US every year. Additionally, unlawful migration commenced to send space rocket to hundreds of thousands of individuals per year, a number that comprised of females and kids, as opposed to the approximately solely male nature of the lawful migration (Bean Cushing, 2000). Also, the preponderance of anti-migration emotion was seen in 1976, when Congressional approval of Law 94-571 amended the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act once. President at that time also admitted to the point that it would have pessimistic impacts on Mexico, by instituting a quantitative restriction of 20,000 permanent citizenship permits for all countries in USA, falling recognized Mexican migration by 60%. Cheap Labour Though, the ambiguity that sustained to permit Mexican migration to develop was that no application to compel punishments on the demand of US corporations for undocumented labor was permitted. The changes thus established a free surpass for employing, and managers resorted to old and innovative systems, as well as those constructed by migrants themselves, to convene their needs of the working class. Progressively more in the services sector the financial activity turn out to be more concerted and jobs as they were the preponderance more part-time tasks. As increasing number of females fixed the labor market so the personnel that had been transferred to the industrialized sector had to reorder, parting open the most underestimated and untrained works in the sector. This action initiated to be occupied majorly with Mexican refugee employees, whether recognized or not. But the innovative high expertise services division not only insisted dedicated and well-paid employees, but also needed a significant figure of inadequately paid manual workers, both citizens and refugees, additional extending the stratification of the working employees. Drug Trafficking On the issues of the relations of the two countries were being criticized by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) organization as it simply serves the interest of the American residents, while building the wealthy more wealthier and only granting trivial, in nature secluded interests to the deprived in Mexico (Roldan, 2015). Though NAFTA assured to reduce immigration to the north, expanded FDI, and incited collective fiscal affluence in Mexico, such consequences have not turned up. Still, this organization has donated radically to a single market in specific i.e. the unlawful drug trade (McKibben, 2015). Prior to 20th century, the Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI government designated the main drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) into its corporate scheme. This association was established to be equally helpful as the PRI attained constancy by running the business of drug by authorizing a small number of organizations of drug industry (Finckenauer, Fuentes Ward, 2017). These organizations got benefit from the political authority given to them, and also the excessive proceeds available in the business of drug. Though, this change has fashioned an innovative risk. But the organization was modified structurally by parting and expanding their unlawful actions beyond the business of drug to incorporate kidnapping, extortion, etc. In spite the victory of NAFTA in escalating U.S.-Mexican businesses, its breakdowns have eventually aggravated the present business of drug. Conclusion So, at the end it could be concluded and observed that the long border stripe dividing the two countries was a area like no other in both the countries. On the one hand, the zone features a high amount of cross-national cultural and profitable incorporation and a custom of transboundary knots. On the other hand, the worldwide boundary divides countries having greatly dissimilar political systems and levels of monetary force, with both capitals remote from the areas. But it was concluded that the Mexican migration to the US has fashioned the largest unilateral migration system on the globe. The sternness of the financial, supporting and communal terms in which the immigration of Mexico to the US takes place loads a appraisal of all of the development forms applicable in both countries. Also, the North American answer was essential to determine the issues that the country was in front of as a consequence of the business of drug. But the Political conversion in Mexico also brought confrontations with changes in land and water law, etc. And these innovative configurations were still being consulted within Mexico, and their allegations for border cooperation were as yet unclear. References American Diplomacy. (2012). State Governments and Foreign Policy. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2007/1012/robi/robinson_texas.html Bean, F.D. Cushing, R.G.(2000). The Relationship between the Mexican Economic Crisis and Illegal Migration to the United States. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://lanic.utexas.edu/project/archives/llilas/cswht/paper5.html Edwards, J.R.(2006). Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Connection Between Legal and Illegal Immigration. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://cis.org/articles/2006/back106.html Finckenauer, J.O., Fuentes, J.R., Ward, G.L. (2017). Mexico and the United States: Neighbors Confront Drug Trafficking. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218561.pdf Grobe, S. (2014). The US and Mexico- a strong but difficult relationship. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.euronews.com/2014/02/18/the-us-and-mexico-a-strong-but-difficult-relationship Karaim, R. (2017). U.S.-Mexico Relations. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2016090200 McKibben, C. (2015). NAFTA and Drug Trafficking: Perpetuating Violence and the Illicit Supply Chain. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.coha.org/nafta-and-drug-trafficking-perpetuating-violence-and-the-illicit-supply-chain/ Nieto, E.P. (2015). Why the U.S.-Mexico Relationship Matters. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/us-mexico-relationship-enrique-pea-nieto-113980 Roldan, G. (2015). Migration from Mexico to the United States: The Renewed Liberal Paradox of nafta. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.probdes.iiec.unam.mx/en/revistas/v46n181/body/v46n181a4_1.php U.S. Department of State. (2017). U.S. Relations With Mexico. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm Villarreal, M.A. (2016). U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32934.pdf Wooldridge, F. (2010). Relationship Between Legal vs Illegal Immigration. Retrieved on 23rd February 2017 from: https://www.rense.com/general92/relat.htm

Napoleons Strategy and Tactics in His Invasion of Russia

Table of Contents Introduction Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics Conclusion Annotated Bibliography Introduction Napoleon was a great emperor of France with novel military strategies and tactics that enabled him to conquer his enemies and neighboring empires in a bid to expand his territory. His determination to win battles came from his confession that â€Å"there is no man more pusillanimous than I when I am planning a campaign.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics in His Invasion of Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I purposely exaggerate all the dangers and all the calamities that the circumstances make possible†¦I am like an unmarried girl laboring with child† (Nafziger 1989, 23). He derived his military strategies and tactics from inherent fears that kept him on toes due to the imminent battles that revolved in the neighboring empires. The fea rs of losing a battle were constantly haunting him and this prompted him to draw novel strategies and tactics to overcome his enemies. During the great battle of Borodino when he attacked Russia, he demonstrated his military potential and ability to conquer ferocious enemies despite their military prowess. Critical analysis of Napoleon’s strategies and tactics show that his military approach to the decisive Russian battle was quite effective and is still invaluable in contemporary warfare. Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics Although Napoleon exercised his military powers during the early 19th century, his strategies and tactics are still applicable in the 21st century. According to Nafziger, â€Å"†¦his campaigns formed the basis of military education throughout the western world and a lot of military thinking is still influenced by the great Frenchman† (1989, 26). Since his military strategies and tactics have stood the test of time, which is about two centur ies now, and can still prove to be invaluable in this era of great technology, then it shows that his military skills were and still are quite effective. The effectiveness of military strategies and tactics depends on the ability of military commander to mobilize his armies and resources effectively. Napoleon applied time and space as the components of logistics that are necessary to win a decisive battle when he invaded Russia in 1812. By 1812, Napoleon had led France to become a mighty empire in Europe and he boasted the great achievement that he had made. Given the military status of the French Empire, Napoleon was poised to invade and conquer the independent states of Europe. To achieve his mission, â€Å"he managed to destroy the unity of purpose which had fed the coalitions against France for so long, as Austria, Russia and Prussia were now ready to fight each other as well as to fight France† (Tarle Viktorovich 1979, 356).Advertising Looking for term paper on his tory? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Napoleon knew that the unity of independent European states threatened and would eventually ruin his powerful empire and there would be no legacy left for him and his successor, so he had to destroy their unity before conquering Russia individually. Therefore, he employed the tactic of dividing and conquering. The unique strategy that Napoleon employed as a military commander is the use of military professionalism. Many of his successors regard Napoleon as premier general who conceptualized new strategies and tactics in terms of structure and composition of strong armies; impregnable in the face of threatening enemies. â€Å"Napoleon embodied the idea of the professional military leader, not gaining his position through familial or political connection, but earning it by distinguishing himself in combat† (Hoffman 2005, 122). In his military professionalism, Napoleon took two years in mak ing logistical planning to invade Russia, for he realized that decisive battles demanded proper logistics. Due to his logistical approach to battles, many generals have appreciated his approach and have applied his strategies and tactics, which have proved to give consistent successes in various wars. His presence during war made great difference, as he was indispensable in mobilization of resources and troops. Since Napoleon harbored many fears concerning his great empire, which he had managed to hold together through immense challenges, he wanted to guard it jealously without overlooking any possible threats albeit negligible. Napoleon argues that, â€Å"†¦when I am planning a campaign, I purposely exaggerate all the danger and all calamities that circumstances make possible† (Olszewski 2005, 32). This strategy gave him the advantage in case the potential threat of the enemy was underestimated. During the Russia invasion, Napoleon never at any instance overlooked or un derestimated the battle and consequences that arose, for in his logistical skills, he provided for the worst-case scenarios that were bound to occur in decisive battles like Russia invasion that cost the lives of many soldiers. Primary strategy of Napoleon was to identify the enemy. Identifying the location, composition, and structure of the enemies highlighted any possible threats and imminent calamities, which were very critical in determining whether to go ahead with the battle or not. If the battle was inevitable, then effective strategies and tactics were necessary to combat the enemy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics in His Invasion of Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hardeman (2006) notes that, â€Å"when facing a foe superior in numbers, the strategy of the central position was employed to split the enemy into separate parts, each of which could then be eliminated in turn by adroit maneuvering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (175). With this strategy, though overwhelmed by the Russian armies, Napoleon armies managed to kill more of them as compared to their armies who died in the decisive battle. In this case, central position strategy proved useful in combating armies who were mightier while incurring minimal losses and injuries. Napoleon also utilized the strategy of Battalion Square and the tactic of outflanking his enemies. The Battalion Square consisted of an advance guard, which was to identify the enemy, right and left wings who acted as combating troops that marched within the range where they could offer emergency support to both advancing and reserved troops. At the rear end of the advancing army was a reserved troop, which provided extra support in case the advance troop retreated. Rainey argues that, â€Å"Napoleon could use a mere part of his force to tie down and occupy the attention of one enemy, then rapidly move his remaining force s to build up a local superiority against his enemies† (2006, 158). When Napoleon had built local superiority, he employed the tactic of flanking to combat the Russian armies who were too strong for him to conquer, but at least he demonstrated artful military combat. Conclusion Despite the astounding defeat that Napoleon met during his war against Russia, he demonstrated logistical strategies and tactics that many generals consider artful and worth acquiring in the current generation. Napoleon left military legacy as his successors credit him a military genius who made great impact in military reforms and shaped the approaches of decisive battles. His strategies and tactics still echo through 21st century since military academies recognize and approve them as effective and worth learning. Although Napoleon armies terribly suffered after invading Russia, this does not mean that their strategies were ineffective; only that the Russian armies were many, organized, and smarter. An notated Bibliography Hardeman, Richard. â€Å"General Logistics Paradigm: A study of the Logistics O Alexander, Napoleon and Sherman.† Air Force Logistics Management Agency 26, no. 13 (2006): 120-125.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compares and contrasts logistical strategies and tactics, which great men like Napoleon, Alexander and Sherman employed in their military leadership to conquer battles. It underscores the fact that military logistics forms the central part of effective strategies in decisive battles. Hoffman, Smith. â€Å"Logistics of Waging War.† American Military Logistics Journal 12, no. 4 (2005): 172-189. Emphasizes the importance of military professionalism by applying logistical planning and consultation, in order to accommodate varied ideas that are paramount in assessing looming threats and dangers. Napoleon demonstrated professionalism in his logistical planning to invade Russia. Nafziger, George. Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics. Ancient Military Journal 58, no. 6 (1989): 17-31. Describes Napoleon strategies and tactics such as divisive diplomacy, military professionalism, logistics, structuring, and composition of the advancing armies. His strategies and tactics enabled him t o survive annihilation during the Russian Invasion. Olszewski, Zbigniew. â€Å"The Battle of Borodino, 1812.† Napoleon Military Conquest 16, no. 9 (2005): 24-47. Portrays Napoleon’s insecure and unassuming character for he never overlooked or underestimated the danger an enemy poses to his empire. It further outlines causes and subsequent implications of the Russia invasion by Napoleon. Rainey, James. Old Lessons New Thoughts. New York: DIANE Publishing, 2006. Explains how old strategies and tactics can be applied into the contemporary world. It also confirms that old lessons of Napoleon strategies and tactics are still invaluable in the current warfare. Tarle, Eugene, and Viktorovich Evgenil. Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia, 1812. New York: Octagon Books, 1979. Analyses strategies and tactics that Napoleon used to invade Russian and gives the strengths and weaknesses that led to eventual defeat of the Napoleon armies. This term paper on Napoleon’s Strategy and Tactics in His Invasion of Russia was written and submitted by user Abbigail Mills to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. The WritePass Journal

Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract: Outline the principle strengths and weaknesses of accounting and business research. Abstract:Introduction:Research method:  Case I company:Case I data:Case II company:Case II data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:        Ã‚  Case IFirst phase:Second phase:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case IIStrengths:Weaknesses:References:  Related Abstract: This project/essay is broadly based on a research article â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009 publishing date) and â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (December 2008 publishing date). Main body is mostly concentrated on the research methods used and the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and the methodologies used by the researchers in these empirical papers. Introduction: The empirical papers which I have chosen for â€Å"accounting and business research† have done research on an â€Å"airline company† {Case I} and â€Å"bankrupt firms† {Case II} and they have conducted several interview, used multi-theory method (upper-echelons, power-circulation strategic choice) and sampling method many models to justify there research respectively. Research method:   Case I company:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researchers had selected SA irgroup (former Swiss Air) as there case company to study process and mechanism triggering to manipulation of accounting numbers. Case I data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interview of different ex-employees was conducted and different categories of archival data were used by researchers like: i.  Bonus and stock option plan SA ir-Executives 1997-2000; ii. Bonus and stock option plan Sabena Executives 1999-2000: etc was used. Case II company: The researchers selected a junk of companies of UK by sampling method which had gone bankrupt and had data available in FAME entering bankruptcy 1998-2204 or continuing firms which had full data available in FAME 1995-2004. Case II data:   Ã‚  The data used by researchers was taken from the FAME.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Method used:         Ã‚  Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They analyzed data in two phases wherein embedded design was employed which implied multiple levels of analysis (Eisenhardt, 1989). They had adopted interview method for there research but also included archival data. There research was based on both accounting as well as management perspective. First phase: In the first stage they arranged data in chronological order and reviewed all internal and external data available. Herein they analyzed data in directionality of the relationships assumed in traditional accounting research. They used a multiple case approach by considering each investment of the SA irgroup in a foreign airline. Each case they analyzed served to confirm inferences drawn from the analysis of the choices made in relation to the SA irgroups first investment in Sabena (Yin, 2003). The collection of data on all accounting and real choices with regard to all events and transactions would involve an immense amount of data so they used â€Å"disaggregated approach†. Second phase:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analysis in second phase is based on theories like upper-echelons, strategic choice and power circulation. Then by combining results of the both phases they could explain more about the directionality between the different variables, one employed in financial misrepresentation and the other employed to create the necessary discretion to engage in managing accounting numbers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II In the first stage they collected all data they needed for the research via sampling method and then they used â€Å"working capital version† model of Jones (1991). They used this model first because research had indicated that management had more discretion over current accruals and moreover manipulation of long-term accruals such as depreciation was unlikely due to their high visibility low flexibility (Becker et al 1998; Young, 1999). After working capital version model they used â€Å"modified jones model† which works on the assumption that revenues are not discretionary i.e. the model disregards that managers also engage in real activities manipulation. The next model which they have used was â€Å"Kasznik model† (1999). The model incorporates the change in operating cash flow as an explanatory variable to account for the negative correlation between accruals and cash flows. The formula to obtain a measure of abnormal working capital according to Kasznik model is as under: Where, WCA is working capital accruals, ΔREV is change in sales, ΔCFO is change in cash flow from operations and TA are total assets, and t is the time period indicator. Next, for each firm, we calculate abnormal working capital accruals (AWCA) as follows: Where, à ¢0,à ¢1 andà ¢2 are the fitted industry-coefficients from equation. After Kasznik model they used Chariton et.al (2004) model to calculate the ex-ante one-year-ahead probability of bankruptcy of all failed firms. The formula what they used to calculate it is as under: Where, Pjt (Y = 1) is the probability of failure for entity j at the end of year t. The next model they used was of Roychowdhury (2006) Ball and Shiva kumar (2005). The earlier model was used to analyze the existence of real activities manipulation. Herein was focus was on sales manipulation. The later model was used to measure the different recognition speed of economics gains and losses in earnings by using time series accruals based measures of conditional conservatism. Strengths:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inclusion of both perspective i.e. accounting management (multiple methods) helped them for understanding the process of financial misrepresentation while as previous studies used accounting perspective only which couldn’t give much clarifications of the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This multi-theory perspective allowed them to discover various additional elements of discretion on top of the variables used in the extant literature.   iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to me face-to-face interviews as conducted by the researchers is that the answer of the interviewee is more spontaneous, without any extended reflection and manipulation.   iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This disaggregated approach has the potential advantage of yielding precise, directional predictions based on the researches understanding and Analysis of how decision-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   makers trade off the incentives associated with the accounting object of the study (Francis, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚   v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest advantage what these researchers had was having access to group’s internal information which helped a lot in carrying out there researches and justifying there conclusions. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Jones working capital modified model could analyze a proxy for manipulation capturing only pure accounting manipulation a proxy that pools together accounting and real activities manipulation.b)  Ã‚   By using UK sample they were advantageous as the insolvency code are allowed for a wider definition of bankruptcy, with different implications, than in the US (Franks et al 1996; Bradbury, 2007). c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The best part of sampling method is that it is straightforward and probably the simplest method and is usually unbiased. d)  Ã‚   There access to FAME database and deriving data regarding bankrupt companies made an ease in making assessment of these and setting up there research. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚     Since the researchers have selected or used purposive sampling wherein probability of getting astray is minimum and variance is low in this case of sampling.    Weaknesses:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Case II Interview is a complex and demanding technique (Frey Oishi 1995:02 ) An unusual degree of trust is likely to lead to willingness on the part of the subjects to answer the questions carefully and with validity. This is especially advantageous when the questions are of a sensitive nature (Lull 1990:53). Personal bias may b involved in interview method or understanding factor may become hindrance. According to me data taken by the researchers was too big in size so accuracy of the result was at stake. Sampling method can lead to the consequences of redundancy and thus hampering the accuracy of the result. Using data from data base is complex method and time consuming.    Impact of methodology on my dissertation: The methods used by the researchers to conduct there research i.e. â€Å"sampling† and â€Å"interview† and then applying different models and methodologies to derive the results or elaborate there research gave a perfect insight as to how a research should be conducted and then concluded. But I would like to go for â€Å"interview†, â€Å"available public information† and â€Å"questionnaire† method for my dissertation in coming months which would be on â€Å"Development in Banking sector in Kashmir† most probably. According to me interview method of collecting information is one of the best as the interviewee has very less time to respond and cannot manipulate answers so quickly in his brain and moreover interview method can help in extracting much internal information if the interviewer has those tactics and attitude of extracting as much information as possible. The questionnaire method gives an insight regarding what people or what the s ubject think about the given topic or question, it is one of the easiest methods and helps in figuring out the situation or the subject opinion from there point of view and this method would be the most important for my dissertation. Excess to public information and internal information will give positiveness to the dissertation because sometimes these information’s contain very important elements which throw light on various aspects which one researcher is looking for. I would try to rectify all disadvantages of the methods and apply then on my dissertation. References:   â€Å"Basic statistics for business and economics† by Paul G Hoel and Raymond J. jessen Ball, R. and Shivakumar L. (2005). ‘Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness’. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1):83–128. â€Å"Elementary business statistics: the modern approach† by Freud and Williams â€Å"Earnings quality in ex-post failed firms† by Juan Manuel Garcà ­a Lara, Beatriz Garcà ­a Osma and Evi Neophytou (2008) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=2644bf2b-4378-4ae6-bb5f-e0d067d1ee89%40sessionmgr12vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=39883573 Frey Oishi (1995:02) â€Å" how to conduct interviews by telephone in person† aber.ac.uk/media/students/aeo9702.html Jones, J. J. (1991). ‘Earnings management during import relief investigations’. Journal of Accounting Research, 29(2): 193–228. Lull, James (1990) â€Å" Inside family viewing†; London Routledge Roychowdhury, S. (2006). â€Å"Management of earnings through the manipulation of real activities that affect cash flow from operations† Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3): 335–370. â€Å"The management of accounting number: case study evidence from the crash of an airline† by Ann Jorissen and David Otiey (2009) http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:3114/eds/detail?hid=22sid=1db6a896-b761-43fb-8f14-c493473c5b2f%40sessionmgr15vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buhAN=48633863

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery Research Paper

The ubiquitin system, disease and drug discovery - Research Paper Example According to (Hershko,1998,pg.425-79) â€Å"There are strong indications for roles of the ubiquitin system in development and apoptosis, although the target proteins involved in these cases have not been identified.†.Protein in ubiquting exists in chain format which is linear and consists of amino acids. The degradation of chain is possible and it is thermodynamically possible in an aqueous environment. When the degradation of protein happens this is known as protein – turnover. The balance which exists between the synthesis and its degradation determines the concentration level of protein in the cell. The studies conducted over protein turnover rates have revealed that some proteins are long lived while others are short lived. The cell majorly consists of long lived protein while short lived proteins which are regulatory protein are abnormal protein. Source – (Hersko,1998,pg 425-79) The Ub has a function to monitor the turnover of protein in the cell by regulati ng the degradation process. This regulatory function is largely important. By regulatory function of Ub the cells are able to eliminate protein that displays another function. Furthermore, such regulation observes that other process expressed by regulatory protein is shut down. There is another regulatory function displayed by the protein which is alternative in nature and it simply inactivates the protein. However, in case of this alternative regulation, these inactivated proteins can be mistakenly reactivated. Unfortunately, the Ub linked regulation is expensive energetically and if a regulation needs to be done once again then re-synthesize should be performed. The functioning of Ub is in a ATP – depended pattern. But what is the reason for this? The reason for this in order to target the protein machinery is required that can degrade the protein. The machinery is used just as a tag which marks the protein which needs to be degradation. The degradation is conducted by the 26Sproteasome. Speaking precisely, the proteins that are to be degraded are primarily tagged by conjugating them with ub and these tagged protein are them identified and shuttled to proteasome for the purpose of degradation. Dysfunction in much ubiquitin process has created pathological conditions where there was malignant transformation. Proliferation and cell growth are further controlled by ubiquitin mediated degradation of portooncogenes, tumor suppressors and components of signal transduction systems. The Ubiqutin – Proteasome Pathway If we mix ubiqutin, ATP and an abnormal protein we might think that the protein will conjugate with Ub. However, we would be wrong in this assumption. There is something else required to attach Ub to such a protein. The thing that is needs in many cases is the three kinds of enzymes. 1) Ub activating enzyme known as E1 enzyme. This enzyme is required in modifying Ub so that it can be in a reactive condition. 2) Ub conjugative enzyme known as E2 enzyme. This enzyme does the function of catalyzing the attachment of Ub to the substrate protein. 3) Ub ligases know as E3 enzymes. This enzyme function in align with E2 enzymes and this enzyme is important in identifying the substrate protein. Yeast contains many E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. For example. It has been found that yeast contains 13 various E2 enzymes. All these do the function of conjugation but also a specific

Applying Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying Leadership Styles - Essay Example iated by the leadership of Apple include Tim Cook as the new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and also inspiring employees to work with innovative ideas along with rewarding the employees for motivation. Additionally, previous CEO and charismatic leader of Apple, Steve Jobs shared the vision of launching cell phone in the market besides the computers and motivated the employees to follow his vision (Docstoc, 2012). Generally, there are three styles of leadership namely transactional, transformational and situational leadership styles. Transactional leadership style can be defined as a style of a leader with which he/she promotes acquiescence of the employees with rewards and punishes according to their performances along with focusing on every operation and activity of the organization. In other words, transactional leadership style is also known as managerial leadership style (Dibley, 2009). With due consideration to this aspect, it can be stated that a leader following this style might desire to promote innovation in the organizational operational processes by inclusion of promotions and rewards to obtain best out of the employees. Similarly, it is observed that Apple’s leaders considered this style into its operational process. Apple’s management led by Steve Jobs prudently considered the inclusion of Tim Cook as the new CEO to lead Apple to further growth and prosperity (Docstoc, 2012). Transformational leadership style can be classified as the quality of a leader who changes the state of mind according to the organizational requirements through motivating and implementing various mechanisms, further which also helps the employees to enhance their performances. The roles performed under this style include idealized influence, inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation. Moreover, idealized influence can be stated as the manager who is identified to be the best in his/her abilities to guide and to respond to the employees’ requirements.